Abstract

Immunotherapy is a biological therapy in which the treatment of the disease is achieved by either the activation or suppression of
the immune system. In the past decade, this method of therapy has been successfully in use for the treatments of various forms
of cancer. Immunity induced against Covid-19 with the vaccination is reported to involve immunomodulatory T cell response.
Such vaccine-induced immunity is known to stimulate the natural immune system to fight against the disease. Precision medicine
is at the heart of immunotherapy as presently, it is the most researched area for cancer treatment. Despite its effectiveness, for
unknown reasons, the therapy has shown responses in the range of 20–50 percentage of patients only. However, the inseparable
limitations of conventional immunotherapy are the difficulties of precise dosage control, high cost, insufficient enrichment in
tumor tissues, and partial immune response silencing or hyperactivity. Due to these challenges the use of nanomedicines with
immunotherapy has acquired interest in research and is reported to enhance the effectiveness of this therapy against the diseases,
especially in the treatment of cancers and tumors. Advanced nano biomaterials are found to be important in co-delivery of drugs
and immunomodulators. The nanomedicines could precisely target the biological pathways. Thus, apart from enhancing the
response range, the application of nano biomaterials will certainly reduce the toxic effects of the drugs. The present review gives
an insight of the challenges in the application of immunotherapy and the modification through bioactive nanoparticles.