Abstract

The objective of this study is to conduct hydro geochemical studies of groundwater in the surrounding Kalasapadu and Porumamilla mandals of Y.S.R. Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh. Due to the presence of extensive irrigational practices, household requirements, and groundwater requirements have significantly increased in this region. The water samples were gathered throughout November and December 2024 and were analyzed for pH. To prevent contamination, standard procedures and recommended measures were followed for electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), major cations (calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium), and anions (carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, and nitrate). Groundwater quality for irrigation purposes was evaluated using a variety of irrigational quality indices, including Percent Sodium (%Na), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Hazard (MH), and Permeability Index (PI). This water is fit for human consumption as pH is primarily alkaline and showing low electrical conductivity (EC) values. Moderate salinity is induced by the sodium (Na) and 14.28% of samples fall into the "good" category, 39.28 % of the samples are a part of doubtful class and 46.42 % of samples fall under permissible class. According to Sodium Adsorption Ratio values, all groundwater samples that fall into the "good" category have an average magnesium hazard of about 49%, which indicates a moderate risk related to magnesium, and an average residual sodium carbonate (RSC) of 0.30 meq/L, which indicates minimal sodium risk. 17.85% of the samples belong to the irrigation-suitable class, 96.43% of groundwater samples have a negative ratio, which indicates reverse exchange, whereas 3.57% of groundwater samples have a positive ratio, which indicates direct exchange.