Abstract

Soil contamination due to heavy metals (HMs) poses a significant environmental and public health challenge. Traditional
remediation methods have limitations such as inefficiency, high costs, and secondary pollution. Recent advances in nanotechnology
offer promising alternatives through the application of nanoparticles (NPs) for soil remediation. This paper explores the
mechanisms and effectiveness of NPs in the remediation of HM-contaminated soils, focusing on various physicochemical and
biological processes, and highlights their advantages and potential risks.