Abstract

The exposure of women to phthalate esters has emerged as a significant concern, given its potential threat to their health. Exposure
to phthalates can be detrimental to health, especially for women who are more susceptible due to spending a significant amount
of time indoors. This review aims to address the health risks associated with phthalates in women, encompassing conditions
such as breast cancer, endometriosis, obesity, diabetes, respiratory diseases, ovarian dysfunctioning, coronary heart disease,
and liver toxicity, among others. It further elucidates the properties and applications of phthalates and routes of exposure. In
addition, this review delves into the impact of phthalates in various phases of the steroidogenic process and helps identify the
proper mechanisms to regulate phthalate exposure and increase awareness of the health risks associated with phthalic acid esters.